Loudoun County has over 1,500 recorded archaeological sites that include both prehistoric Native American sites and early European domestic and industrial sites. The majority of archaeological investigation that occurs in Loudoun County is directly linked to both county and federal requirements related to land development projects.

For most types of development applications, an archaeological survey is required to determine if the proposed development will negatively impact significant historic and archaeological sites. Archaeological reports must be submitted to the county for review.  Archaeological survey and reporting must meet professional standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources as outlined in the "Guidelines for Archaeological Investigation in Virginia."

The Department of Planning reviews archaeological reports and makes recommendations for preservation or impact mitigation related to legislative development applications per Article 6, Section 6-300 of the Revised 1993 Loudoun County Zoning Ordinance.

The Department of Building and Development reviews archaeological reports and makes recommendations for preservation or impact mitigation related to administerial (subdivision) development applications per sections 7.800, 7.810, and 8.102 of the Facilities Standards Manual.